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Media Lengua
Media Lengua, also known as ''Chaupi-shimi'', ''Chaupi-lengua'', ''Chaupi-Quichua'', ''Quichuañol'', ''Chapu-shimi'' or ''llanga-shimi'',〔''Llanga-shimi'' is typically a derogatory term used by speakers of Quichua to describe their language. However, it also appears to describe Media Lengua in the Imbabura Communities. It is believed that the term was introduced by Mestizo school teachers to further discredit the indigenous populations〕〔Pallares, A. (2002). From peasant struggles to Indian resistance: the Ecuadorian Andes in the late twentieth century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.〕 (roughly translated to "''half language''" or "''in-between language''") is a mixed language that consists of Spanish vocabulary and Quichua grammar, most conspicuously in its morphology. In terms of vocabulary, almost all lexemes (89%〔〔Muysken, Pieter (1997). "Media Lengua", in Thomason, Sarah G. ''Contact languages: a wider perspective'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins (pp. 365-426)〕), including core vocabulary, are of Spanish origin and appear to conform to Quichua phonotactics. Media Lengua is one of the few widely acknowledged examples of a "bilingual mixed language" in both the conventional and narrow linguistic sense because of its split between roots and suffixes.〔Backus Ad. 2003. Can a mixed language be conventionalised alternational codeswitching? in Matras & Bakker (eds) The Mixed Language Debate: theoretical and empirical advances Mouton de Gruyter Berlin: 237-/270.〕〔McConvell, Patrick, and Felicity Meakins. 2005. Gurindji Kriol: A Mixed Language Emerges from Code-switching. Quatro Fonologias Quechuas, 25(1), 9-30.〕 Such extreme and systematic borrowing is only rarely attested, and Media Lengua is not typically described as a variety of either Quichua or Spanish. Arends et al. list two languages subsumed under the name ''Media Lengua'': Salcedo Media Lengua and Media Lengua of Saraguro.〔Arends, Muysken, & Smith (1995), ''Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction''〕 The northern variety of Media Lengua found in the province of Imbabura is commonly referred to as Imbabura Media Lengua〔〔 and more specifically, the dialect varieties within the province are known as Pijal Media Lengua and Anglas Media Lengua.〔
==Geographical distribution==
Media Lengua was first documented in Salcedo, Cotopaxi about 100 km south of Quito, Ecuador by Dutch linguist Pieter Muysken during fieldwork on Ecuadorian Quichua.〔 During Muysken's surveys of the language, he also described other highly reflexified vareties of Quichua including Amazonian Pidgin, Quichua-Spanish interlanguage, Saraguro Media Lengua, and Catalangu.〔 A 2011 investigation of Salcedo Media Lengua, however, suggests that the language is no longer spoken by the locals in and around Salcedo.〔Shappeck, Marco (2011). (''Quichua–Spanish language contact in Salcedo, Ecuador: Revisiting Media Lengua syncretic language practices'' ) (dissertation)〕 Little is known about the current status of the other reflexified varieties of Quichua described by Muysken. Several investigations from 2005, 2008 and 2011, however, now show that a variety of Media Lengua is currently spoken in the northern province of Imbabura.〔Stewart, Jesse (2011). (''A Brief Descriptive Grammar of Pijal Media Lengua and an Acoustic Vowel Space Analysis of Pijal Media Lengua and Imbabura Quichua.'' ). (thesis)〕〔〔Gómez-Rendón, J. (2005). La Media Lengua de Imbabura. Encuentros conflictos bilingüismo contacto de lenguas en el mundo andino (pp. 39-58). Madrid: Iberoamericana.〕 These investigations estimate that Imbabura Media Lengua is spoken by 2,600 people, 600 in the community of Pijal aged 35 and roughly 2,000 in and around the community of Angla, typically 25–45 years of age, making Media Lengua an endangered language and moribund in Pijal.〔〔 The variety of Media Lengua spoken in Pijal appears to have emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and had its first generation of L1 speakers in the 1910s.〔 Pijal Media Lengua then spread to the nearby community of Angla in the 1950s and 60s through intercommunity marriages 〔 and commerce.〔 The current status of Media Lengua in Angla appears to be slightly healthier than in Pijal with the Angla variety having been passed on, to an extent to the 2008 generation of school aged children.〔Gómez-Rendón, J. A. (2008). Mestizaje lingüístico en los Andes: génesis y estructura de una lengua mixta (1era. ed.). Quito, Ecuador: Abya-Yala.〕
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